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Balanced nuclear equation representing the chosen process
find one example of each
A. alpha
B. beta
provide information for the seven items below:
Write a balanced nuclear equation representing the chosen process. (2 points) Identify the half-life of the parent isotope in the chosen process and determine the amount of time required to reduce to 6.25 % of the original amount. (2 points) Identify the product (daughter) isotope as stable or unstable. If unstable, predict what mode of decay is most likely. (2 points) Provide a brief explanation of the main application of the chosen process. (2 points) Based on the type of radiation emitted, what material would be best at blocking the radiation? (2 points) Calculate the mass defect and binding energy for the isotope. (2 points) Write a chemical equation using the element. (2 points)
Full Answer Section
A. Alpha Decay: Uranium-238
Balanced Nuclear Equation:
238U → 234Th + 4He
Half-Life and Time to Reduce to 6.25%:
Uranium-238 has a half-life of approximately 4.5 billion years.
To reduce to 6.25% of the original amount, we need to go through three half-lives.
Time required = 4.5 billion years * 3 = 13.5 billion years
Product Isotope and Decay Mode:
The product isotope, Thorium-234, is unstable and undergoes beta decay.
In beta decay, a neutron is converted into a proton, emitting an electron and an antineutrino.
Application:
Uranium-238 is a naturally occurring radioactive isotope found in rocks and soil. It is used in nuclear reactors to generate electricity and in nuclear weapons.
Radiation Shielding:
Lead is the best material for blocking alpha radiation due to its high density and ability to absorb alpha particles.
Mass Defect and Binding Energy:
Mass Defect: The mass defect for Uranium-238 is calculated by subtracting the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons from its actual mass.
Binding Energy: The binding energy is calculated using Einstein's mass-energy equivalence equation (E=mc²).
Chemical Equation:
Uranium is a chemical element with the symbol U and atomic number 92. Its chemical equation is:
U + Cl2 → UCl4
B. Beta Decay: Carbon-14
Balanced Nuclear Equation:
14C → 14N + e- + ν
Half-Life and Time to Reduce to 6.25%:
Carbon-14 has a half-life of approximately 5,730 years.
To reduce to 6.25% of the original amount, we need to go through four half-lives.
Time required = 5,730 years * 4 = 22,920 years
Product Isotope and Decay Mode:
The product isotope, Nitrogen-14, is stable and does not undergo further decay.
Application:
Carbon-14 dating is a technique used to determine the age of organic materials. By measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in a sample, scientists can estimate its age.
Radiation Shielding:
Aluminum or plastic can be used to shield against beta radiation due to its ability to absorb electrons.
Mass Defect and Binding Energy:
The mass defect and binding energy for Carbon-14 can be calculated using similar methods to Uranium-238.