Cell Wall

Wall Chemistry Matching: Match each of the following with the appropriate chemical (unless otherwise indicated, there is one response for each)
a. cellulose
c. hemicellulose
e. pectic polysaccharides
g. suberin
b. cutin
d. lignin f. protein

1. also called cross-linking glycans
2. β 1,4-glucan
3. calcium bridges link these
4. carbohydrates (3 responses)
5. common components in primary walls (4 responses)
6. dissolved from the wall with strong alkali
7. especially rich in wood
8. expansin is an example
9. extract from wall with dilute acid or hot water
10. hydrophobic molecules (2 responses)
11. made in the golgi apparatus (2 responses)
12. made of phenylpropanoids
13. main constituent of the middle lamella
14. molecules form hydrogen bonds to make microfibrils
15. orientation in the wall determined by microtubules
16. polymer rich in galacturonic acid (homogalacturonic acid)
17. polysaccharides that don’t self aggregate (2 responses)
18. primary strengthening agent in secondary wall
19. proline, hydroxyproline and glycine are components
20. rhamnogalacturonans
21. rich in xyloglucans and glucoronarabinoxylans
22. synthesized by rosettes in the membrane
23. used in making gels
24. waterproofing embedded in the wall
25. waterproofing on the outside of the wall
26. Assume you are going to hammer a miniature nail through the cell wall. Which of the following would you hit as you move from outside (#1) to inside (5)?
    secondary wall (S2)
    secondary wall (S1)
    secondary wall (S3)
    middle lamella
    primary wall
27. Assume the cell is making a protein to be inserted in the wall. Follow its progress through the endomembrane system by arranging the following in order from start (site of protein production to wall (#9).
    cell membrane
    golgi – cis
    golgi –
    trans
    RER
    ribosome
    SER
    vesicle
    vesicle
    wall
28. What is the function of water in the wall?
29. Explain why every other glucose residue in a cellulose chain is upside-down.
30. Electron micrographs of the cell membrane show clusters of proteins that look like a flower (rosettes). What are these rosettes and what is their function?
31. Explain why secondary walls are not able to expand.
32. Explain why the walls of mature cells loose their ability to grow.
33. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells methods for controlling size and shape.
34. To expand, walls must be loosened (relaxed). What does this mean?
35. Explain why the terms “hydrogen ion” and “proton” are synonyms.
36. Describe two ways in which protons loosen walls.
37. What is the mechanism by which the wall becomes loosened?
38. Auxin, a plant hormone, has been shown to stimulate cell elongation. Describe two modes of action for auxin.
    Fill-in-the-Blanks:
39. Name the enzyme that makes cellulose
40. Stage of cell cycle during which walls are synthesized
41. Vesicles and spindle microtubules along the cell equator
42. A drug that disrupts microtubule formation
43. The driving force for cell expansion