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Correlation and Causation
Correlation is the process of establishing a relationship between two or more factors. Correlation is an important concept that can be misused. One misuse is saying that factor A is caused by factor B just because correlation is found. Cause cannot be implied simply from correlation. Find two examples in scholarly articles within the last 10 years that use correlation analysis. One of the articles must use correlation to imply causation correctly and one article should not have justification to imply cause.
Summarize both articles in at least 500 words. Explain why cause was appropriate in one article and not in the other. What would be needed for the second article to justify a statement of cause?
Full Answer Section
Consistent Findings: Multiple studies, using various research designs, have consistently found a positive association between green space exposure and mental health.
While correlation alone cannot definitively prove causation, the combination of strong correlation, biological plausibility, and consistent findings from diverse research designs provides strong evidence for a causal relationship.
Example 2: Correlation Misused to Imply Causation
Article: "The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Depression"
This study examined the association between social media use and symptoms of depression. The researchers found a significant positive correlation between the two variables, suggesting that increased social media use is associated with increased depressive symptoms.
Why Cause is Not Appropriate:
While the study found a correlation between social media use and depression, it is important to note that correlation does not imply causation. There are several alternative explanations for the observed relationship:
Reverse Causation: It is possible that individuals with existing mental health problems are more likely to use social media to seek social connection or distraction.
Confounding Variables: Other factors, such as socioeconomic status, lifestyle habits, or genetic predisposition, may influence both social media use and mental health.
To establish a causal relationship between social media use and depression, a more rigorous research design, such as a randomized controlled trial, would be needed. This would involve randomly assigning participants to different levels of social media use and measuring their mental health outcomes over time.
Conclusion
While correlation can provide valuable insights into the relationships between variables, it is essential to interpret the findings cautiously. To establish causation, additional evidence, such as biological plausibility, temporal precedence, and the elimination of alternative explanations, is necessary. By understanding the limitations of correlation and the importance of rigorous research design, we can avoid drawing inaccurate conclusions.
Sample Answer
Two Examples of Correlation Analysis
Example 1: Correlation Implied Correctly
Article: "The Impact of Green Space Exposure on Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
This meta-analysis examined the relationship between green space exposure and mental health outcomes. The researchers conducted a systematic review of studies that used various research designs, including observational studies and randomized controlled trials. The results of the meta-analysis showed a significant negative correlation between green space exposure and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.
Why Cause is Appropriate:
While correlation does not always imply causation, in this case, the evidence suggests a causal relationship between green space exposure and improved mental health. This is supported by several factors:
Biological Mechanisms: Research has shown that exposure to nature can reduce stress hormones, improve mood, and enhance cognitive function.
Psychological Benefits:Spending time in nature can provide opportunities for relaxation, social interaction, and physical activity, all of which contribute to mental well-being.