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Emerging Disease

1. Choose a current emerging disease or reemerging disease prevalent in your community or the larger community of the nation or world.
2. Complete an epidemiology triangle diagram for the chosen disease and thoroughly describe, using references, each factor and how it could contribute to an outbreak in your community.
• You must present your writing double-spaced, in a Times New Roman, Arial, or Courier New font, with a font size of 12.
• Pay attention to grammar rules (spelling and syntax).
• Your work must be original and not contain material copied from books or the internet.
• When citing the work of other authors, including citations and references using APA style to respect their intellectual property and avoid plagiarism.
• Remember that your writing must have a header or a cover page that includes the name of the institution, the program, the course code, the title of the activity, your name and student number, and the assignment's due date.

Sample Answer

Emerging Disease: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

For this assignment, I will select Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). While not a disease itself, AMR is considered a global reemerging threat and a public health crisis that fuels the emergence and reemergence of many infectious diseases, making its epidemiology critical to community health. AMR is highly prevalent across local, national, and global communities.

📐 The Epidemiological Triangle for Antimicrobial Resistance

The epidemiological triangle consists of three components—Agent, Host, and Environment—whose interactions determine the risk and occurrence of disease. In the context of AMR, this model helps illustrate the complex interplay that drives the resistance crisis.

Agent: The Drug-Resistant Microbe

Factor	Description and Contribution to Outbreak
Agent	Drug-Resistant Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites. Specifically, organisms that have acquired genetic changes allowing them to survive exposure to drugs previously effective against them (e.g., Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), or drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
Contribution to Community Outbreak	When resistant microbes circulate in the community (e.g., in hospitals, long-term care facilities, or through contaminated food), they can cause infections that are difficult or impossible to treat with standard drugs. This leads to prolonged illness, higher mortality rates, and the need for more expensive, toxic, second-line therapies (CDC, 2023). A single outbreak of a highly resistant organism, such as CRE, in a local hospital can rapidly spread, disabling the ability of the local health system to manage common infections effectively.

Factor

Description and Contribution to Outbreak

Agent

Drug-Resistant Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites. Specifically, organisms that have acquired genetic changes allowing them to survive exposure to drugs previously effective against them (e.g., Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), or drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis).

Contribution to Community Outbreak

When resistant microbes circulate in the community (e.g., in hospitals, long-term care facilities, or through contaminated food), they can cause infections that are difficult or impossible to treat with standard drugs. This leads to prolonged illness, higher mortality rates, and the need for more expensive, toxic, second-line therapies (CDC, 2023). A single outbreak of a highly resistant organism, such as CRE, in a local hospital can rapidly spread, disabling the ability of the local health system to manage common infections effectively.

2. Host: The Human/Animal Population

Factor	Description and Contribution to Outbreak
Host	Any human, animal, or plant susceptible to infection by the resistant microbe. Host factors primarily involve practices that facilitate the acquisition and spread of both the resistance genes and the microbes themselves.
Contribution to Community Outbreak	Inappropriate Antibiotic Use: A primary host-related factor is the over-prescription and misuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and agriculture (Hooton et al., 2021). Patients who demand antibiotics for viral infections or who fail to complete the full course of therapy create selective pressure that favors resistant bacteria within their bodies. Poor Infection Prevention: Within a community setting, low rates of hand hygiene, shared surfaces, and lack of adherence to infection control in outpatient clinics allow the resistant organisms to transfer easily from person to person (WHO, 2020). Individuals with compromised immune systems (e.g., the elderly, patients undergoing chemotherapy, or those with chronic diseases) are particularly vulnerable to contracting and carrying resistant infections, acting as reservoirs that sustain transmission within the community.

Factor

Description and Contribution to Outbreak

Host

Any human, animal, or plant susceptible to infection by the resistant microbe. Host factors primarily involve practices that facilitate the acquisition and spread of both the resistance genes and the microbes themselves.

Contribution to Community Outbreak

Inappropriate Antibiotic Use: A primary host-related factor is the over-prescription and misuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and agriculture (Hooton et al., 2021). Patients who demand antibiotics for viral infections or who fail to complete the full course of therapy create selective pressure that favors resistant bacteria within their bodies. Poor Infection Prevention: Within a community setting, low rates of hand hygiene, shared surfaces, and lack of adherence to infection control in outpatient clinics allow the resistant organisms to transfer easily from person to person (WHO, 2020). Individuals with compromised immune systems (e.g., the elderly, patients undergoing chemotherapy, or those with chronic diseases) are particularly vulnerable to contracting and carrying resistant infections, acting as reservoirs that sustain transmission within the community.

3. Environment: Settings and Policies

Factor	Description and Contribution to Outbreak
Environment	Physical and Sociocultural factors that influence the transmission of resistant organisms and the prevalence of antibiotic use. This i

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Emerging Disease

Sample Answer

Emerging Disease: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

📐 The Epidemiological Triangle for Antimicrobial Resistance

Agent: The Drug-Resistant Microbe

2. Host: The Human/Animal Population

3. Environment: Settings and Policies

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