1. Why does smoking increase the risk of heart disease? Provide two reasons based on autonomic function.
2. Describe how the major pumping chambers, the ventricles, form within the developing heart. . What arteries play the leading roles in supplying blood to the brain?
3. Explain the location and importance of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation.
4. Describe two early induced responses and what pathogens they affect.

Sample Solution