- Identify, discuss, and establish a major problem facing criminal justice. Establish this problem by discussing its history and background. To do this, use data to give the reader (me!) a complete understanding of how the problem came to be, how it has developed and/or evolved through time, and where the problem stands today. Specifically, start by defining the problem (explain it using clear terms), discussing when and how it began (data on how many, how much, the costs, existing opposing viewpoints, etc.), discussing how it has evolved over time (including, of course, any past attempts to reduce the problem), and discussing where the problem stands today (discuss whether the problem has been increasing, decreasing, or remaining stagnant). Be sure to make it clear why the issue is a problem (address the question of “who cares?”
a. Probably 2-3 pages; probably 3 or 4 cites. - Review literature (study results) relevant to the problem you have established. Said differently, discuss what criminal justice has learned (through research results) about the problem (the majority of your 25 cites will be in this section). To thoroughly review each of your studies, I recommend identifying the study’s main point, the sample, the variables (IV & DV), the (main) findings, and the study’s limitations.
You might have subsections in your literature review (e.g., if writing on the death penalty, your lit review might contain the subheadings Deterrent Value of the Death Penalty, Costs of the Death Penalty, Unequal Application of the Death Penalty, etc.).
a. Probably 14 or more pages; probably 14 or more cites.
You will do write a paragraph that ties all of your reviewed studies together (e.g., taken together, what do all of the studies reviewed mean for your topic?). - Identify and discuss one or more theory(ies) that relates to your established problem. Explain the theory in depth, explain how the theory relates to your topic, and include/discuss two studies that tested the validity of the theory.
a. Probably 1-2 pages; probably 2-3 cites. Be sure to cite the original author. I also recommend including a couple of studies that test whether or not your chosen theory is a valid theory. - Given the above three sections, what do you propose “we” do to remedy some aspect of said problem? Said differently, propose some type of law, policy, regulation, program, etc. that will likely fix the problem (particularly based in the theory you identify in part 3).
a. Probably 1 page; probably 0-2 cites. - Discuss how you will evaluate (or study the effectiveness of) your proposal from part 4? This is the research methods class. Identify your research design, sample, variables, statistical analyses to be used, etc. For two hints in this section: 1) see literally anything on evaluation research and 2) refer back to one or more studies you discussed in the literature review above (section 2). Because the authors of the studies you reviewed were, essentially, studying your topic, refer to their methods sections for how they studied the topic. Using their research strategy (or using the combined strategies of several studies covered in your lit review), identify how you will study (in the future) your topic to see if your proposal (as examples): reduced costs, or resulted in less-stressed police officers, or reduced crime, or resulted in less racial profiling, or whatever you are studying.
a. Probably 1 page; probably 0-3 cites.
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