Native American Perspectives on World War I and the Treaty of Versailles

    Term Paper: Native American Perspectives on World War I and the Treaty of Versailles Introduction World War I marked a significant turning point in Native American history, as America's entry into the war in 1917 and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles in 1919 brought forth rhetoric of democracy and self-determination. In this paper, we will delve into the primary source documents provided by Frederick Hoxie in "Talking Back to Civilization: Indian Voices from the Progressive Era," specifically focusing on Chapter 6 which covers World War I. The paper aims to explore the views of Native American peoples regarding the war and the peace that followed, as well as how they responded to or perceived opportunities within the context of the war and its accompanying rhetoric. Thesis Statement Through an analysis of the primary source materials, it becomes evident that Native American perspectives on World War I and the Treaty of Versailles were diverse and multifaceted. While some viewed the war as an opportunity to assert their sovereignty and rights, others were critical of the United States government's actions and rhetoric. The Treaty of Versailles, despite its promises of self-determination, often fell short of meeting the needs and desires of Native American communities. Native American Views on World War I The primary sources reveal a spectrum of opinions among Native Americans regarding World War I. Some individuals saw the war as a chance to demonstrate their loyalty to the United States and to showcase their warrior traditions. For many Native Americans, enlistment in the military was a means of proving their patriotism and gaining recognition for their contributions to the nation. Conversely, other voices expressed skepticism and disillusionment with the war effort. Many Native Americans questioned the sincerity of the government's calls for democracy and self-determination, especially in light of ongoing injustices and marginalization faced by Indigenous communities. The war highlighted the contradictions between American ideals and the reality of Native American experiences. Responses and Opportunities Despite these divergent views, Native Americans found ways to respond to the challenges and opportunities presented by World War I. Some seized upon the rhetoric of democracy and self-determination to advocate for greater autonomy and recognition of tribal sovereignty. By engaging with policymakers and public discourse, Native American leaders sought to shape the post-war landscape in ways that would benefit their communities. Moreover, the war provided opportunities for Native Americans to participate in movements for social change and civil rights. Activists like Gertrude Bonnin (Zitkala-Ša) used their platforms to draw attention to issues of Indigenous rights and representation, challenging mainstream narratives that overlooked or marginalized Native voices. The Treaty of Versailles and Its Impact The Treaty of Versailles, while emphasizing principles of self-determination, often failed to address the specific concerns of Native American nations. Many Indigenous communities found themselves excluded from international negotiations and agreements that directly impacted their lands and resources. The promises of self-governance and autonomy remained elusive for many Native peoples in the aftermath of the war. Conclusion In conclusion, the primary source documents from Frederick Hoxie's "Talking Back to Civilization: Indian Voices from the Progressive Era" shed light on the complex perspectives of Native Americans during World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. While some saw opportunities for empowerment and advocacy, others confronted ongoing challenges and injustices. The war and its aftermath underscored the enduring struggles for recognition, sovereignty, and justice faced by Indigenous peoples in the United States.

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