Describe the pathophysiology of the chosen condition. What is the condition’s etiology, signs and symptoms, complications, and risk factors?
Discuss how the condition is diagnosed. What are the relevant assessment findings, labs, and imaging studies?
Explain how the pathophysiology of the condition might differ across the lifespan. Does the condition manifest in pediatric, pregnant, breastfeeding, and older adult populations? How might the condition look different across the lifespan?
Create your case study based on the chosen condition (~ 1,000 words or less using bullet points and full sentences). Start with the diagnosis and work backward to develop a clinical scenario that leads to this diagnosis. Include the client’s name, social background, symptoms, lab results, medical or surgical history, and other relevant details.
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Pathophysiology
Full Answer Section
Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
The diagnosis of T2DM relies on a combination of patient assessment, laboratory findings, and, in some cases, imaging studies to rule out or assess for complications.- Assessment Findings: A thorough clinical assessment is the first step.
- Subjective: A health history will reveal key symptoms like polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and poor wound healing. The nurse or provider will also inquire about lifestyle habits, diet, exercise, and family history of diabetes.
- Objective: A physical examination may reveal obesity (measured by BMI), signs of insulin resistance such as acanthosis nigricans (darkening of skin in folds), signs of neuropathy (diminished sensation in feet), and evidence of poor circulation or non-healing wounds.
- Laboratory Tests:
- Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): This is the gold standard for diagnosis, as it reflects the average blood glucose level over the previous 2-3 months. A value of 6.5% or higher is diagnostic of diabetes.
Sample Answer
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestation of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
1. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) resulting from two core pathophysiological defects: insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.- Etiology: The etiology of T2DM is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Genetic factors, such as a family history of diabetes, can increase an individual's susceptibility. However, the primary triggers are often related to lifestyle. Obesity,
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