Phonetic Transcription
- Transcribe the following words into IPA. (10 points)
Symbols you may need: θ ð ∫ ʒ ʧ ʤ ŋ ɹ ɑ æ ɛ ǝ ɪ ʌ ʊ ɔ
a) cookies
b) easy
c) hour
d) sugar
e) youthful - Using standard English orthography, identify the English words represented by the following phonetic transcriptions. (5 points)
a) [ʤʌŋgǝl]
b) [bʊ∫i]
c) [saɪkloʊn]
d) [æpəɹɪ∫ən]
e) [ɹɔɪəl]
Natural Classes
- Highlight the sound or sounds that fit each natural class. (10 points)
a) affricates: ʃ ʧ ʒ ʤ
b) glides: l ɹ j h
c) tense front vowels: ɪ e i ӕ
d) voiced fricatives: z ʒ θ ʤ
e) back vowels: ӕ ə ʊ o
f) round vowels: ʌ o i u
g) alveolars: l m n ŋ
h) voiced stops: d k v b
i) voiceless labials: ð b f p
j) high front vowels: i ʊ ɛ ɪ
Phonology Exercises
For each data set, answer the following:
a) Identify whether the specified sounds are in contrastive distribution, complementary distribution, or free variation.
b) If the sounds are in contrastive distribution or free variation, provide evidence to support your conclusion.
c) If the sounds are allophones of the same phoneme in complementary distribution, provide a phonological rule. You may write the rule out in words instead of using rule notation.
- Language A, Compare [b] and [bh]. (10 points)
Note: [bh] is an aspirated [b].
[bhut] ‘ghost’ [bhi] ‘also’
[biʧ] ‘middle’ [ʤffibh] ‘tongue’
[gəmbhir] ‘serious [ʊbalna] ‘to boil’
[bar] ‘occasion’ [abhari] ‘grateful’
[səbhi] ‘all’ [ʧabi] ‘key’
[ʤeb] ‘pocket’ [bhar] ‘burden’
[ləgbhəg] ‘approximately’ [bɪkna] ‘to be sold’
a) Distribution:
b) Evidence or c) Phonological rule:
- Language B, Compare the two sets of sounds, [p, t, k, ʧ] and [b, d, g, ʤ]. (10 points)
[niska] ‘goose’ [nisto] ‘three’
[kodak] ‘another’ [ʧi:gahigan] ‘axe’
[asaba:p] ‘thread’ [a:dim] ‘dog’
[wasko:w] ‘cloud’ [mi:bit] ‘tooth’
[paskwa:w] ‘prairie’ [pime:] ‘lard’
[ni:gi] ‘my house’ [mide] ‘heart’
[ko:gos] ‘pig’ [o:gik] ‘these’
[namwa:ʧ] ‘not at all’ [wa:bos] ‘rabbit’
[ospwa:gan] ‘pipe’ [na:be:w] ‘man’
[miʤihʧij] ‘hand’ [mi:ʤiwin] ‘food’
a) Distribution:
b) Evidence or c) Phonological rule:
- Language C, Compare [ç], [h], and [s]. (10 points)
Note: [ç] is a voiceless palatal fricative.
[nɪsɑ] ‘bead’ [huːn] ‘blows’
[hɛr] ‘bottom’ [hor] ‘cave’
[hat] ‘foundation’ [hɔːn] ‘his skill’
[ho:ksi] ‘hot’ [çirqan] ‘knife’
[haːn] ‘knows’ [çiep] ‘pocket’
[hʊl] ‘poplar’ [çiӕvʊs] ‘rotted’
a) Distribution:
b) Evidence or c) Phonological rule:
Morphology Exercises
For each data set,
a) identify the morphological process(es)
b) describe the morphological rule
c) translate the given word or phrase from English
- Language D (5 points)
[bugo] ‘hit’ [bugoli] ‘hitting’
[dila] ‘repair’ [dilali] ‘repairing’
[don] ‘come in’ [donni] ‘coming in’
[dumu] ‘eat’ [dumuni] ‘eating’
[gwen] ‘chase’ [gwenni] ‘chasing’
[famu] ‘understand’
a) Morphological process(es):
b) Morphological rule (be specific—form and meaning):
c) Translate ‘understanding’ into Language D:
- Language E (5 points)
[takato] ‘lie down’ [takakato] ‘we/you(pl)/they lie down’
[mafuli] ‘turned around’ [mafufuli] ‘we/you(pl)/they turned around’
[apulu] ‘capsize’ [apupulu] ‘we/you(pl)/they capsize’
[kai] ‘eat’ [kakai] ‘we/you(pl)/they eat’
[nofo] ‘stay’ [nonofo] ‘we/you(pl)/they stay’
[fepaki] ‘collide’
a) Morphological process(es):
b) Morphological rule (be specific—form and meaning):
c) Translate ‘we collide’ into Language E:
- Language F (10 points)
Note: [x] is a voiceless velar fricative.
[stelmemen] ‘he touches’ [noktelmemen] ‘I will touch’
[nosiytelmemen] ‘they will touch’ [nokcimutelew] ‘I will bite’
[kiycimutelew] ‘we bite’ [sxiliwayan] ‘it floats’
[nokiyxiliwayan] ‘we will float’ [keqwel] ‘I do’
a) What are the morphemes for each of the following?
● 1st person subject
● 3rd person subject
● singular
● plural
● present tense
● future tense
● float
● touch
● bite
● do
b) What is the proper order of these morphemes in Language F verbs: number, person, tense, verb stem?
c) How do you say the following in Language F?
● ‘they do’
● ‘we will do’
● ‘he bites’
Morphosyntax Exercise
Answer the questions as directed.
- Language G
[u bɛna daga kari] ‘They will break the pot.’
[ne bɛna tiga tobi] ‘I will cook rice.’
[u bɛ ji min] ‘They drink water.’
[ji bɛ min] ‘The water is drunk.’
[mun bɛ tobi] ‘What is cooked?’
[an bɛna daga dilan] ‘We will repair the pot.’
[daga bɛna dilan] ‘The pot will be repaired.’
[safura bɛ mun kɛ] ‘What does Safura do?’
[safura bɛ baara kɛ] ‘Safura does work.’
[an bɛ sogo dun] ‘We are eating meat.’
a) What phrase structure rules are represented in the data for active voice statements?
b) How are passives formed in Language G?
c) How are what questions formed in Language G?
d) Translate these sentences into English:
● [an bɛna mun min]
● [ne bɛ sogo tobi]
e) Write the following sentences in Language G:
● The rice will be eaten.
● What are they repairing?
Syntax Exercises
For each sentence, draw a tree diagram.
- The old tree swayed in the wind.
- The children put the toy in the box.
- The reporter realized that the senator lied.