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Define and describe ethnic groups, ethnocentrism, racial groups, racism, prejudice, discrimination, oppression, and institutional discrimination
Outline the sources of prejudice and discrimination • Summarize the effects and costs of discrimination and oppression

Discrimination: Actions or behaviors that deny individuals or groups equal treatment or opportunities.
Racism: Prejudice or discrimination based on race.
Oppression: Systematic and institutionalized discrimination that marginalizes and disadvantages certain groups.
Institutional Discrimination: Discrimination that is embedded in the structures and practices of institutions, such as government, education, or the workplace.

Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination

Socialization: Individuals learn prejudices and discriminatory attitudes through socialization processes, such as family, peers, and media.
Economic Competition: Economic competition can lead to resentment and prejudice between groups.
Psychological Factors: Psychological factors, such as authoritarian personality and frustration-aggression theory, can contribute to prejudice and discrimination.
Cultural Differences: Misunderstandings and stereotypes can arise from cultural differences.

Effects and Costs of Discrimination and Oppression

Psychological Harm: Discrimination and oppression can lead to feelings of inferiority, anxiety, and depression.
Economic Disadvantage: Discrimination can limit opportunities for education, employment, and housing.
Social Exclusion: Discriminated groups may be excluded from social activities and institutions.
Physical Harm: In extreme cases, discrimination can lead to violence and even genocide.
Societal Costs: Discrimination and oppression can undermine social cohesion, increase crime rates, and reduce economic productivity.

By understanding these concepts, we can work towards creating a more just and equitable society.

Ethnic Group: A group of people who share a common cultural heritage, language, religion, or national origin.
Racial Group: A group of people who share a common biological ancestry.

Ethnocentrism: The belief that one's own culture is superior to all others.
Prejudice: Preconceived negative judgments or opinions formed about a person or group.