Explain the function of the kidneys in regulating fluids, electrolyte balance, acid–base balance, blood pressure, RBC production, and Vitamin D synthesis.
a. What are the main functions of the kidneys?
b. During urine formation, which two substances should be reabsorbed and not excreted in the urine?
c. What two major electrolytes do the kidneys help regulate?
d. What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining serum pH through bicarbonate?
e. Explain the renin-angiotensin system in regulating blood pressure, including the roles of anti-diuretic hormone and aldosterone in this system.
f. How do the kidneys contribute to RBC production?
g. How do the kidneys contribute to Vitamin D synthesis?
Learning Objective #2: Explain the renal system changes and nursing implications for older people.
Learning Objective #3: Initiate education, preparation, and monitoring for patients undergoing diagnostic studies, including labs, 24-hour urine collection, any that use contrast media, and kidney biopsy.
a. What are the normal ranges for urine specific gravity, creatinine clearance, serum creatinine, serum BUN, and GFR?
b. What is the significance of abnormal values of urine specific gravity, creatinine clearance, serum creatinine, BUN, and GFR in kidney disorders?
c. What is the purpose and proper collection steps for a 24-hour urine collection?
d. What are the pre-, intra-, and post-procedure interventions and rationales for a patient who will receive intravenous contrast media during a diagnostic test?
Brunner and Suddarth Chapter 54
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