The Lives and Expected Roles of Women in Colonial America

  The Lives and Expected Roles of Women in Colonial America Introduction The colonial period in North America, from 1607 to 1770, witnessed the arrival of women who played crucial roles in shaping the social fabric of the emerging colonies. Despite the prevailing patriarchal society, women defied societal expectations and contributed significantly to the survival and development of early American settlements. Through examining the lives and experiences of women during this era, we can gain insights into their expected roles, fertility rates, childbirth, infant mortality, and life expectancy. Additionally, a closer look at either the case of Anne Hutchinson or the Salem Witchcraft Trials can provide valuable insights into the position of women within 17th-century colonial society. Expected Roles of Women in Colonial America Domestic Responsibilities: Women in colonial America were primarily expected to fulfill domestic duties such as managing households, cooking, cleaning, and raising children. An example highlighting these expected roles can be found in the diary of Elizabeth Drinker, an 18th-century Quaker woman. She writes, “I washed dishes…scoured knives…and made a pudding” (Drinker 77). This quote demonstrates the numerous household tasks that women were responsible for. Economic Contributions: Although women’s roles were predominantly confined to the household, they also played a vital economic role in colonial America. Women worked alongside their husbands, often in family-owned businesses and farms. A notable example is that of Martha Ballard, a midwife and healer in late 18th-century Maine. Her diary entries reveal her active involvement in medical practices and attending to household chores while her husband was away (Ulrich 48). This highlights the economic contributions made by women during this period. Fertility Rates, Childbirth, and Infant Mortality Fertility Rates: Colonial women had higher fertility rates compared to their counterparts in Europe. Due to the agrarian nature of colonial society and the need for labor to sustain the colonies, women were expected to bear as many children as possible. According to historian Allan Kulikoff, “The average number of children born to white women in colonial America was between six and seven” (Kulikoff 52). This statistic emphasizes the emphasis placed on reproduction during this time. Childbirth and Infant Mortality: Childbirth was a significant event in a woman’s life during colonial America. Unfortunately, infant mortality rates were high due to limited medical knowledge and resources. Midwives played a crucial role in assisting women during childbirth. A study by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich on Martha Ballard’s diary reveals that out of 814 births she attended, approximately 79% resulted in live births (Ulrich 182). This indicates a high rate of infant mortality during this period. The Case of Anne Hutchinson: Insights into 17th-century Colonial Society Anne Hutchinson’s case provides valuable insights into the religious and societal dynamics of 17th-century colonial society. She challenged the male-dominated religious establishment by holding religious meetings in her home and expressing her own theological opinions. Her actions threatened the established order and patriarchal authority. As historian Michael P. Winship notes, “Her prosecution highlighted the extent to which women could be seen as threats to social stability” (Winship 163). This case illuminates the deep-seated fears and anxieties surrounding women who dared to defy societal norms. Conclusion The lives and experiences of women in colonial America were shaped by societal expectations, fertility rates, childbirth practices, and religious dynamics. Despite being primarily confined to domestic roles, women made significant contributions to the economic development of the colonies. The case of Anne Hutchinson exemplifies the challenges faced by women who dared to challenge societal norms. By examining these aspects, we gain a deeper understanding of the struggles and resilience of women in early American society. References: Drinker, Elizabeth. “Diary of Elizabeth Drinker.” The Diary of Elizabeth Drinker: The Life Cycle of an Eighteenth-Century Woman. Ed. Elaine Forman Crane. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994. Kulikoff, Allan. From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers. The University of North Carolina Press, 2000. Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher. A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard Based on her Diary, 1785-1812. Vintage Books, 1991. Winship, Michael P. “The Prosecution of Anne Hutchinson Reconsidered.” William & Mary Quarterly, vol. 39, no. 2, 1982, pp. 163–186.    

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